-
1 promote
[prə΄məut] v բարձրացնել, առաջ քաշել. կոչում տալ, աստիճան բարձրացնել. promote manager/colonel տնօրեն դարձնել. գնդա պե տի աստիճան տալ. (օժանդակել, աջակ ցել) promote trade/friendship օժանդակել առևտրին/ ընկերությանը, բարեկամությանը. promote a new product նոր ապրանք գովազդել. (հիմնել) promote a new company/campaign նոր ընկերություն հիմնել. նոր կամպանիա սկսել -
2 promote
1) повыша́ть (в до́лжности)he was promoted to manager — он (был повы́шен в до́лжности и) стал управля́ющим
2) соде́йствовать ( help)promote a new company — помо́чь в созда́нии но́вой фи́рмы
3) реклами́ровать (това́р)promote a new product — вести́ рекла́мную кампа́нию но́вого това́ра
-
3 promote
/promote/ * ngoại động từ - thăng chức, thăng cấp, đề bạt; cho lên lớp =to be promoted sergeant+ được thăng cấp trung sĩ - làm tăng tiến, đẩy mạnh, xúc tiến, khuyến khích =to promote learning+ đẩy mạnh học tập =to promote health+ làm tăng thêm sức khoẻ, bồi dưỡng sức khoẻ =to promote trade+ đẩy mạnh việc buôn bán - đề xướng, sáng lập =to promote a new plan+ đề xướng một kế hoạch mới =to promote a company+ sáng lập một công ty - tích cực ủng hộ sự thông qua, vận động để thông qua (một đạo luật) - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ) quảng cáo bán (hàng, sản phẩm...) - (đánh cờ) nâng (quân tốt) thành quân đam (cờ đam) - (từ Mỹ,nghĩa Mỹ), (từ lóng) dùng thủ đoạn tước đoạt (cái gì) - (hoá học) xúc tiến (một phản ứng) -
4 promote
prəˈməut гл.
1) а) выдвигать;
продвигать;
повышать в чине/звании He was promoted from Captain to Commodore. ≈ Его повысили в чине от капитана до коммодора. He was promoted colonel( to the rank of colonel, to be a colonel). ≈ Ему присвоили звание полковника. If I am not promoted within the next two years I am going to change jobs. ≈ Если меня не повысят в течение двух ближайших лет, я поменяю работу. б) амер. переводить( ученика) в следующий класс All the children have been promoted to the next class. ≈ Всех детей перевели в следующий класс.
2) а) способствовать, помогать, содействовать;
поддерживать to promote corrosion ≈ способствовать коррозии Regular exercise promotes all-round good health. ≈ Регулярные физические упражнения способствуют хорошему состоянию здоровья в целом. б) побуждать, стимулировать;
активизировать, возбуждать to promote disorder ≈ возбуждать беспорядки Sugary foods promote breast cancer. ≈ Сладкая пища способствует возникновению рака груди. Syn: encourage, give an incentive,
3) учреждать to promote a company ≈ учредить кампанию
4) а) создавать благоприятные условия для продажи б) рекламировать;
содействовать продаже какого-л. товара Advertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products. ≈ Рекламные компании всегда должны изобретать новые способы заинтересовать потребителя в покупке товара.
5) шахм. продвигать пешку продвигать;
повышать в чине или звании - to be *d over the head of other person продвинуться по службе, обойдя других способствовать, содействовать, поддерживать, поощрять - to * trade содействовать развитию торговли, поощрять развитие торговли возбуждать;
стимулировать;
активизировать - to * disorder возбуждать беспорядки переводить в следующий класс (ученика) учреждать - to * an enterprise учредить предприятие рекламировать;
содействовать продаже какого-либо товара (шахматное) продвигать пешку (сленг) красть, воровать;
раздобывать (медицина) способствовать, провоцировать;
активировать;
стимулировать;
ускорять ~ выдвигать;
продвигать;
повышать в чине или звании;
he was promoted major( или to the rank of major) ему присвоили звание майора promote выдвигать, продвигать, повышать в чине или звании ~ выдвигать;
продвигать;
повышать в чине или звании;
he was promoted major (или to the rank of major) ему присвоили звание майора ~ переводить в следующий класс (ученика) ~ поддерживать ~ поощрять, стимулировать;
активизировать ~ поощрять, стимулировать ~ поощрять ~ шахм. продвигать (пешку) ~ продвигать по службе ~ рекламировать ~ содействовать ~ содействовать продаже товара ~ создавать благоприятные условия для продажи ~ способствовать, помогать, поддерживать;
содействовать распространению, развитию ~ способствовать, помогать, поддерживать ~ способствовать ~ стимулировать ~ учреждать to ~ general welfare способствовать обеспечению общего благосостояния to ~ legation to the status of an embassy преобразовать дипломатическую миссию в посольство -
5 promote
[prə'məut]гл.1)а) продвигать ( по служебной лестнице), повышать (в должности, чине, звании)He was promoted from Captain to Commodore. — Его повысили в чине от капитана до коммодора.
He was promoted colonel (to the rank of colonel, to be a colonel). — Ему присвоили звание полковника.
If I am not promoted within the next two years I am going to change jobs. — Если меня не повысят в течение двух ближайших лет, я поменяю работу.
б) переводить ( ученика) в следующий классAll the children have been promoted to the next class. — Всех детей перевели в следующий класс.
2)а) способствовать, содействовать; поддерживать, поощрятьRegular exercise promotes all-round good health. — Регулярные физические упражнения содействуют хорошему состоянию здоровья в целом.
Sugary foods promote breast cancer. — Сладкая пища способствует возникновению рака груди.
б) стимулировать, активизировать; возбуждатьSyn:3) марк. продвигать, раскручивать, рекламироватьAdvertising companies are always having to think up new ways to promote products. — Рекламные компании всегда должны изобретать новые способы продвижения товаров.
4) уст. учреждать (предприятие, организацию)5) шахм. продвигать пешку -
6 new-to-market
прил.сокр. NTM межд. эк., амер. новый для рынка*, новый на рынке* (о компании, которая ранее не экспортировала свою продукцию в определенную страну, или о товаре, который ранее не экспортировался в конкретную страну)This organization works closely with importers, wholesalers and retailers to increase the sale of U.S. agricultural products in China, and helps to promote and introduce new-to-market products from the USA. — Эта организация тесно сотрудничает с импортерами, оптовиками и розничными торговцами с целью увеличения продаж американской сельхозпродукции в Китае, и содействует продвижению новых для китайского рынка товаров из США.
The Department of Commerce Trade Fair Program is designed to encourage new-to-market and new-to-export U.S. firms to exhibit in trade fairs overseas. — Программа поддержки ярмарок Министерства торговли США направлена на стимулирование американских компаний, которые не экспортировали свои товары на определенные рынки или не занимались экспортом вообще, принять участие в зарубежных ярмарках.
Ant:See: -
7 ♦ (to) promote
♦ (to) promote /prəˈməʊt/v. t.1 promuovere; far progredire; favorire; incoraggiare; provocare; stimolare: He was promoted ( to the rank of) captain, è stato promosso capitano; to promote sales, promuovere le vendite; to promote a bill in Parliament, promuovere un disegno di legge in Parlamento; to promote sb. 's interests, favorire gli interessi di q.; Milk promotes health, il latte fa bene (alla salute)6 (comput.) alzare di livello (ad es. un nodo in una struttura ad albero)● (fin.) to promote a new company, farsi promotore di una nuova società. -
8 ♦ (to) promote
♦ (to) promote /prəˈməʊt/v. t.1 promuovere; far progredire; favorire; incoraggiare; provocare; stimolare: He was promoted ( to the rank of) captain, è stato promosso capitano; to promote sales, promuovere le vendite; to promote a bill in Parliament, promuovere un disegno di legge in Parlamento; to promote sb. 's interests, favorire gli interessi di q.; Milk promotes health, il latte fa bene (alla salute)6 (comput.) alzare di livello (ad es. un nodo in una struttura ad albero)● (fin.) to promote a new company, farsi promotore di una nuova società. -
9 Taylor, Frederick Winslow
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 20 March 1856 Germantown, Pennsylvania, USAd. 21 March 1915 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and pioneer of scientific management.[br]Frederick W.Taylor received his early education from his mother, followed by some years of schooling in France and Germany. Then in 1872 he entered Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, to prepare for Harvard Law School, as it was intended that he should follow his father's profession. However, in 1874 he had to abandon his studies because of poor eyesight, and he began an apprenticeship at a pump-manufacturing works in Philadelphia learning the trades of pattern-maker and machinist. On its completion in 1878 he joined the Midvale Steel Company, at first as a labourer but then as Shop Clerk and Foreman, finally becoming Chief Engineer in 1884. At the same time he was able to resume study in the evenings at the Stevens Institute of Technology, and in 1883 he obtained the degree of Mechanical Engineer (ME). He also found time to take part in amateur sport and in 1881 he won the tennis doubles championship of the United States.It was while with the Midvale Steel Company that Taylor began the systematic study of workshop management, and the application of his techniques produced significant increases in the company's output and productivity. In 1890 he became Manager of a company operating large paper mills in Maine and Wisconsin, until 1893 when he set up on his own account as a consulting engineer specializing in management organization. In 1898 he was retained exclusively by the Bethlehem Steel Company, and there continued his work on the metal-cutting process that he had started at Midvale. In collaboration with J.Maunsel White (1856–1912) he developed high-speed tool steels and their heat treatment which increased cutting capacity by up to 300 per cent. He resigned from the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1901 and devoted the remainder of his life to expounding the principles of scientific management which became known as "Taylorism". The Society to Promote the Science of Management was established in 1911, renamed the Taylor Society after his death. He was an active member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and was its President in 1906; his presidential address "On the Art of Cutting Metals" was reprinted in book form.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsParis Exposition Gold Medal 1900. Franklin Institute Elliott Cresson Gold Medal 1900. President, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1906. Hon. ScD, University of Pennsylvania 1906. Hon. LLD, Hobart College 1912.BibliographyF.W.Taylor was the author of about 100 patents, several papers to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, On the Art of Cutting Metals (1907, New York) and The Principles of Scientific Management (1911, New York) and, with S.E.Thompson, 1905 A Treatise on Concrete, New York, and Concrete Costs, 1912, New York.Further ReadingThe standard biography is Frank B.Copley, 1923, Frederick W.Taylor, Father of Scientific Management, New York (reprinted 1969, New York) and there have been numerous commentaries on his work: see, for example, Daniel Nelson, 1980, Frederick W.Taylor and the Rise of Scientific Management, Madison, Wis.RTSBiographical history of technology > Taylor, Frederick Winslow
-
10 Field, Cyrus West
SUBJECT AREA: Telecommunications[br]b. 30 November 1819 Stockbridge, Massachusetts, USAd. 12 July 1892 New York City, New York, USA[br]American financier and entrepreneur noted for his successful promotion of the first transatlantic telegraph cable.[br]At the age of 15 Field left home to seek his fortune in New York, starting work on Broadway as an errand boy for $1 per week. Returning to Massachusetts, in 1838 he became an assistant to his brother Matthew, a paper-maker, leaving to set up his own business two years later. By the age of 21 he was also a partner in a New York firm of paper wholesalers, but this firm collapsed because of large debts. Out of the wreckage he set up Cyrus W.Field \& Co., and by 1852 he had paid off all the debts. With $250,000 in the bank he therefore retired and travelled in South America. Returning to the USA, he then became involved with the construction of a telegraph line in Newfoundland by an English engineer, F.N. Osborne. Although the company collapsed, he had been fired by the dream of a transatlantic cable and in 1854 was one of the founders of the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company. He began to promote surveys and hold discussions with British telegraph pioneers and with Isambard Brunel, who was then building the Great Eastern steamship. In 1856 he helped to set up the Atlantic Telegraph Company in Britain and, as a result of his efforts and those of the British physicist and inventor Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), work began in 1857 on the laying of the first transatlantic cable from Newfoundland to Ireland. After many tribulations the cable was completed on 5 August 1857, but it failed after barely a month. Following several unsuccessful attempts to repair and replace it, the cable was finally completed on 27 July 1866. Building upon his success, Field expanded his business interests. In 1877 he bought a controlling interest in and was President of the New York Elevated Railroad Company. He also helped develop the Wabash Railroad and became owner of the New York Mail and Express newspaper; however, he subsequently suffered large financial losses.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCongressional Gold Medal.Further ReadingA.C.Clarke, 1958, Voice Across the Sea, London: Frederick Muller (describes the development of the transatlantic telegraph).H.M.Field, 1893, Story of the Atlantic Telegraph (also describes the transatlantic telegraph development).L.J.Judson (ed.), 1893, Cyrus W.Field: His Life and Work (a complete biography).KF -
11 innovation
инновации
1. Процесс создания и освоения новых технологий и продуктов, приводящий к повышению эффективности производства. 2. Новая техника, технологии, являющиеся результатом научно-технического прогресса. Инновации, в современных условиях, достигаются преимущественно путем инвестиций в нематериальные активы (НИОКР, информационные технологии, переподготовку кадров, привлечение покупателей) Инновации в самом общем смысле, прежде всего, делятся на два класса: инновации процесса и инновации продукта, хотя они тесно связаны между собой; возможно как изготовление нового продукта старыми методами, так и изготовление старого продукта новыми методами – и наоборот. Не следует смешивать понятия инноваций и изобретений. Второе – более узко, относится к технике и технологии. Однако порою простая реорганизация производства ( а это организационная инновация) может принести не меньший экономический эффект, чем изобретение, техническое усовершенствование. Инновации – основа и движущая сила научно-технического прогресса во всех его видах: трудосберегающего, капиталосберегающего, нейтрального. Основоположник теории инноваций австрийский экономист Й.Шумпетер утверждал, что двигателем экономического развития выступает предприимчивость, выражающаяся в постоянном поиске новых комбинаций факторов производства, дающих предпринимателю возможность получать прибыль, большую по сравнению со средней. Все инновации связаны с большой долей риска. Но известно и другое: отказ от инноваций является еще более рисковым делом, поскольку ведет к замедлению научно-технического прогресса и экономического роста в целом.См. Диффузия инноваций.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Тематики
EN
инновация
1. Вложение средств в экономику, обеспечивающее смену поколений техники и технологии.
2. Новая техника, технология, являющиеся результатом достижений научно-технического прогресса. Развитие изобретательства, появление пионерских и крупных изобретений является существенным фактором инновации.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/buh/index.html]
инновация
1.- См статью Иннновации, 2. — результат вложения средств (инвестиций) в разработку новой техники и технологии, во внедрение новых форм бизнеса, современных методов работы на рынке, новых товаров и услуг, финансовых инструментов.
[ http://slovar-lopatnikov.ru/]Параллельные тексты EN-RU из ABB Review. Перевод компании Интент
Partners in technologyNew challenges to a history of cooperation with customersПартнеры по технологииНовые уроки сотрудничества с заказчикамиABB’s predecessor companies, ASEA and BBC, were founded almost 120 years ago in a time when electromagnetism and Maxwell’s equations were considered “rocket science.” Since then several technological transitions have occurred and ABB has successfully outlived them all while many other companies vanished at some point along the way. This has been possible because of innovation and a willingness to learn from history. Understanding historical connections between products, technology and industrial economics is extremely Partners in technology New challenges to a history of cooperation with customers George A. Fodor, Sten Linder, Jan-Erik Ibstedt, Lennart Thegel, Fredrik Norlund, Håkan Wintzell, Jarl Sobel important when planning future technologies and innovations.Предшественницы АББ, компании ASEA и BBC, были основаны почти 120 лет назад, в то время, когда электромагнетизм и уравнения Максвелла считались «космическими технологиями». С тех пор прошло несколько технических революций и АББ успешно пережила их все, в то время как многие другие компании затерялись по дороге. Это стало возможным, благодаря постоянным инновациям и стремлению учиться на уроках истории. Для планирования будущих технологий и инноваций огромную роль играет понимание исторических взаимосвязей между продуктами, технологиями и экономикойThese connections rely on information channels in companies and their existence cannot be underestimated if a company is to survive. An organization can acquire more information than any one individual, and the optimal use of this information depends on the existence and types of communication channels between those working in a company and the relevant people outside it.Эти взаимосвязи опираются на существующие в компании информационные каналы и, если компания намерена выжить, их значение нельзя недооценивать. Организация может накопить значительно больше информации, чем любой отдельный человек, и оптимальное использование этой информации зависит от наличия и типов коммуникационных каналов между работниками компании и причастными людьми за ее пределами.Force Measurement, a division of ABB AB, has a long tradition of innovation. Thanks to strong ties with its customers, suppliers, research institutes and universities, Force Measurement provides state-of-the-art equipment for accurate and reliable measurement and control in a broad range of applications. At the same time, established principles such as Maxwell’s equations continue to be applied in new and surprisingly innovative ways to produce products that promote long-term growth and increased competitiveness.Группа измерения компании АББ имеет давние традиции использования инноваций. Благодаря прочным связям с заказчиками, поставщиками, исследовательскими институтами и университетами, она создает уникальное оборудование для точных и надежных измерений в самых разных областях. В то же время незыблемые принципы, подобные уравнениям Максвелла, продолжают применяться новыми и удивительно инновационными способами, позволяя создавать продукты, обеспечивающие устойчивый рост и высокую конкурентоспособность.Innovation is a key factor if companies and their customers are to survive what can only be called truly testing times. The target of innovation is to find and implement ideas that reshape industries, reinvent markets and redesign value chains, and many of these ideas come from innovative customers.Если компания и ее заказчики намерены пережить тяжелые времена, то основное внимание следует обратить на инновации. Целью инноваций является поиск и воплощение идей, позволяющих перевернуть промышленность, заново открыть рынки и перестроить стоимостные цепочки, причем многие из этих идей поступают от заказчиков.Key to successful innovation is communication or the types of information channels employed by firms [1, 2]. A global company like ABB, with offices and factories spanning 90 countries, faces many challenges in maintaining information channels. First of all, there are the internal challenges. Ideas need to be evaluated from many different perspectives to determine their overall impact on the market. Selecting the most effective ones requires expertise and teamwork from the various business, marketing and technology competence groups. Just as important are the channels of communication that exist between ABB, and its customers and suppliers.Секрет успешных инноваций кроется в типах используемых фирмой информационных каналов [1, 2]. Глобальные компании, подобные АББ, с офисами и заводами более чем в 90 странах, сталкиваются с серьезными проблемами управления информационными каналами. Во-первых, существуют внутренние проблемы. Чтобы определить ценность идеи и ее общее влияние на рынок, ее нужно подвергнуть всесторонней оценке. Выбор наиболее эффективных идей требует коллективной работы различных экономических, маркетинговых и технологических групп. Не менее важны и коммуникационные каналы между компанией АББ и ее заказчиками и поставщиками.Many of ABB’s customers come from countries that are gradually developing strong technology and scientific cultures thanks to major investments in very ambitious research programs. China and India, for example, are two such countries. In fact, the Chinese Academy of Sciences is currently conducting research projects in all state of-the-art technologies. Countries in Africa and Eastern Europe are capitalizing on their pool of young talent to create a culture of technology development. Emerging markets, while welcome, mean stiffer competition, and competition to companies like ABB encourages even greater levels of innovationМногие заказчики АББ пришли из стран, постоянно развивающих сильную технологию и научную культуру путем крупных инвестиций в грандиозные исследовательские программы. К таким странам относятся, например, Индия и Китай. На самом деле, Китайская академия наук ведет исследования по всем перспективным направлениям. Страны Африки и Восточной Европы делают ставку на молодые таланты, которым предстоит создавать культуру технологического развития. Новые рынки, хоть и привлекательны, ужесточают конкуренцию, а конкуренция с такими компаниями, как АББ способствует повышению уровня инноваций.Many customers, similar stories Backed by 120 years of technological development and experience, ABB continues to produce products and services in many automation, power generation and robotics fields, and the examples described in the following section illustrate this broad customer range.Заказчиков много, история однаОпираясь более чем на 120-летний опыт технологического развития, АББ продолжает выпускать продукты и оказывать услуги во многих отраслях, связанных с автоматизацией, генерацией энергии и робототехникой. Приведенные далее при меры иллюстрируют широкий диапазон таких заказчиков.Тематики
EN
3.1.29 инновация (innovation): Конечный результат инновационной деятельности, получивший реализацию в виде нового или усовершенствованного продукта, реализуемого на рынке, нового или усовершенствованного технологического процесса, используемого в практической деятельности.
Источник: ГОСТ Р 54147-2010: Стратегический и инновационный менеджмент. Термины и определения оригинал документа
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > innovation
12 Goodyear, Charles
[br]b. 29 December 1800 New Haven, Connecticut, USAd. 1 July 1860 New York, USA[br]American inventor of the vulcanization of rubber.[br]Goodyear entered his father's country hardware business before setting up his own concern in Philadelphia. While visiting New York, he noticed in the window of the Roxburgh India Rubber Company a rubber life-preserver. Goodyear offered to improve its inflating valve, but the manager, impressed with Goodyear's inventiveness, persuaded him to tackle a more urgent problem, that of seeking a means of preventing rubber from becoming tacky and from melting or decomposing when heated. Goodyear tried treatments with one substance after another, without success. In 1838 he started using Nathaniel M.Hayward's process of spreading sulphur on rubber. He accidentally dropped a mass of rubber and sulphur on to a hot stove and noted that the mixture did not melt: Goodyear had discovered the vulcanization of rubber. More experiments were needed to establish the correct proportions for a uniform mix, and eventually he was granted his celebrated patent no. 3633 of 15 June 1844. Goodyear's researches had been conducted against a background of crippling financial difficulties and he was forced to dispose of licences to vulcanize rubber at less than their real value, in order to pay off his most pressing debts.Goodyear travelled to Europe in 1851 to extend his patents. To promote his process, he designed a spectacular exhibit for London, consisting of furniture, floor covering, jewellery and other items made of rubber. A similar exhibit in Paris in 1855 won him the Grande Médaille d'honneur and the Croix de la Légion d'honneur from Napoleon III. Patents were granted to him in all countries except England. The improved properties of vulcanized rubber and its stability over a much wider range of temperatures greatly increased its applications; output rose from a meagre 31.5 tonnes a year in 1827 to over 28,000 tonnes by 1900. Even so, Goodyear profited little from his invention, and he bequeathed to his family debts amounting to over $200,000.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGrande Médaille d'honneur 1855. Croix de la Légion d'honneur 1855.Bibliography15 June 1844, US patent no. 3633 (vulcanization of rubber).1853, Gum Elastic and Its Varieties (includes some biographical material).Further ReadingB.K.Pierce, 1866, Trials of an Inventor: Life and Discoveries of Charles Goodyear.H.Allen, 1989, Charles Goodyear: An Intimate Biographical Sketch, Akron, Ohio: Goodyear Tire \& Rubber Company.LRD13 sell
A ○ n (deception, disappointment) déception f ; it was a real sell! qu'est-ce qu'on s'est fait avoir ○ ! ; ⇒ hard sell, soft sell.1 gen, Comm vendre [goods, article, house, car, insurance] ; to sell sth at a loss/low price/profit vendre qch à perte/à bas prix/avec du bénéfice ; shop that sells clothes/groceries/stamps magasin qui or où l'on vend des vêtements/de l'épicerie/des timbres ; to sell sth to sb, to sell sb sth vendre qch à qn ; I sold her my car, I sold my car to her je lui ai vendu ma voiture ; to sell sth for £3 vendre qch (pour) 3 livres ; to sell sth at ou for £5 each/a dozen vendre qch 5 livres pièce /la douzaine ; ‘stamps/phonecards sold here’ ‘ici on vend des timbres/des cartes de téléphone’ ; ‘sold’ (on article, house) ‘vendu’ ; sold to the lady in the corner ( at auction) adjugé, vendu à la dame dans le coin ; the novel has sold millions (of copies) le roman s'est vendu à des millions d'exemplaires ; to sell sth back revendre qch ; to be sold into slavery être vendu comme esclave ;2 ( promote sale of) [quality, reputation, scandal] faire vendre [product, book, newspaper] ; her name will help to sell the film son nom aidera à promouvoir le film ;3 (put across, make attractive) [person, campaign, government] faire accepter, vendre pej [idea, image, policy, party] ; to sell sth to sb, to sell sb sth faire accepter qch à qn, vendre qch à qn pej ; the party failed to sell its policies to the electorate le parti n'a pas réussi à faire accepter or vendre sa politique aux électeurs ;4 ○ ( cause to appear true) to sell sb sth, to sell sth to sb faire avaler ○ qch à qn [lie, story, excuse] ; he tried to sell me some line about losing his diary il a essayé de me faire avaler je ne sais quelle histoire comme quoi il avait perdu son agenda ○ ;5 (surrender, betray) trahir [honour, integrity, reputation, country].1 [person, shop, dealer] vendre ; to sell at a loss/profit/high price vendre à perte/avec du bénéfice/à un bon prix ; to sell to sb vendre à qn ; I'll sell to the highest bidder je vendrai au plus offrant ; to sell for £50 [dealer, seller] vendre à 50 livres ; I'll sell for the best price je vendrai au meilleur prix ; to sell as is Comm vendre en l'état ; ‘sell by June 27’ ‘date limite de vente: 27 juin’ ;2 [goods, product, house, book] se vendre ; the new model is/isn't selling (well) le nouveau modèle se vend bien/mal ; to sell in millions/in great quantities se vendre à des millions d'exemplaires/en grande quantités ; it only sells to a sophisticated market/to children cela ne se vend que sur un marché raffiné/qu'aux enfants.2 ( put oneself across) to sell oneself se vendre ○ ; you've got to sell yourself at the interview il faut que tu te vendes ○ lors de l'entretien.to be sold on être emballé ○ par [idea, person] ; you've been sold ○ ! tu t'es fait rouler ○ or avoir!■ sell off:■ sell out:▶ sell out1 gen, Comm [merchandise, tickets, newspapers] se vendre ; they're selling out fast! ils se vendent vite! ; the tickets/today's papers have sold out, we've sold out of tickets/today's papers tous les billets/les journaux du jour ont été vendus ; sorry, we've sold out désolé, mais nous avons tout vendu or il n'y en a plus ;3 Fin (of company, shares) vendre ses parts (to à) ; I've decided to sell out j'ai décidé de vendre mes parts ;4 ○ ( betray one's principles) retourner sa veste ; he's sold out to the opposition il est passé dans l'opposition ;▶ sell [sth] out, sell out [sth]1 gen, Comm the concert is sold out le concert affiche complet ; the book has sold out its initial print run la première édition du livre est épuisée ; ‘sold out’ ‘en rupture de stock’ ;2 Fin vendre [shares, interest in company].■ sell up:▶ sell up vendre (tout) ; they've sold up ils ont tout vendu ;▶ sell up [sth] vendre [business, property].14 law
nзакон, право; законодательство, правовая нормаto abolish / to abrogate a law — отменять закон
to administer law — отправлять / осуществлять правосудие
to adopt a law — принимать / утверждать закон
to alter / to amend a law — вносить поправки в закон
to be above the law — быть неподсудным / выше закона / над законом
to be at law with smb — судиться с кем-л.
to be exempt from the law — быть неподсудным / неподвластным закону
to break a law — нарушать / преступать закон
to contravene a law — нарушать закон; противоречить закону
to defy law — не подчиняться закону, игнорировать закон
to draw up a law — разрабатывать закон / законопроект
to enact legislation into law — принимать законопроект, придавать законопроекту силу закона
to enforce law — обеспечивать выполнение закона, следить за соблюдением закона
to flout law — попирать / не выполнять закон
to go beyond the law — совершать противозаконный поступок; обходить закон
to honor the law — уважать / соблюдать закон
to implement a law — выполнять закон; вводить закон в действие
to infringe law — нарушать / преступать закон
to institute / to introduce law — вводить закон
to keep in with the law — подчиняться закону, не нарушать закон
to keep within the law — держаться в рамках / придерживаться закона
to lay down the law — распоряжаться, командовать
to make a law — издавать закон; составлять закон
to override law — не признавать закон, не считаться с законом
to pass a law — принимать / утверждать закон
to practice law — заниматься адвокатурой / юриспруденцией
to put a law into effect / operation — вводить закон в действие
to take the law in(to) one's own hands — устраивать самосуд
to take the law of smb — привлекать кого-л. к суду
- abuse of the lawto violate a law — нарушать / преступать / попирать закон
- according to the law
- active law
- administration of laws
- administrative law
- air law
- ambassadorial law
- amnesty law
- antilabor law
- antipollution law
- antismoking law
- antiterrorist law
- antitrust laws - basic law
- binding in law
- breach of law
- breakdown of law and order
- business law
- by law
- campaign-financing laws
- canon law
- case law
- changes to the electoral law
- child-labor laws
- civil law
- clemency law
- club law - common law
- company law
- compliance with law
- conflict of interest law
- conflict with the law
- conscription law
- constitutional law
- consular law
- contrary to law
- contrary to military law
- controversial law
- conventional international law
- cosmic law
- court of law
- criminal law
- crown law
- customary law
- definite law
- development of international law
- discriminatory law
- disdain for the law
- disregard of the law
- doctor of law
- domestic law
- draft law
- ecclesiastical law
- economic law
- economic laws of the development of society
- election law
- electoral law
- emergency law
- enforcement of a law
- existent laws
- existing laws
- export control law
- extension of martial law
- extradition law
- family law
- federal laws - fundamental law
- general international law
- general law
- gun control law
- gun law prevails
- gun law
- humanitarian law
- immigration laws
- in British law
- in conformity with the law
- in law
- in the eyes of the law
- individual labor law
- infringement of the laws
- institutions of international law
- internal law
- internal security laws
- international administrative law
- international humanitarian law
- international law
- international monetary law
- international private law
- international public law
- international trade law
- international treaty law
- interstate commerce laws
- inviolable law
- irreversible law
- Islamic holy laws
- Jim Crow law
- judicial law
- jungle law
- labor laws
- land law
- language law - law goes through
- law is in force
- law is invalid
- law is subject to yearly review
- law is the law
- law merchant
- law must be upheld
- law of actions
- law of civil procedure
- law of conflicts
- law of contracts
- law of criminal procedure
- law of international trade
- law of nations
- law of nature
- law of property
- law of state responsibility
- law of succession
- law of the land
- law of the sea
- law of treaties
- law of value
- law on leasing
- law on religion
- law on smth
- law provides for
- law should follow its normal course
- laws and customs
- laws and regulations
- laws are being ignored
- laws governing social development
- laws governing the economy
- laws in force
- laws of historical development of society
- laws of honor
- laws restraining the press
- local law
- loop-hole in the law
- Lynch law
- maritime law
- maritime safety law
- martial law is in force
- martial law
- military law
- minions of law
- municipal law
- national law
- natural law
- nature laws
- no-knock search law
- object of international law
- objective economic laws
- objective laws
- observance of the laws
- offence of law
- outer space law
- passage of the law
- penal law
- political law
- power to execute laws
- press law
- principles of law
- private international law
- private law
- property law
- provision in the law
- public international law
- public law
- race law
- racist law - retreat of the law
- right-to-know law
- right-to-work laws
- rules of law
- secession law
- security law
- segregation law
- settled law
- shield laws
- slip law
- source of law
- space law
- state law
- statute law
- strict observance of the law
- subject of international law
- substantive law
- sunset law
- sunshine law
- system of law
- the spirit and the letter of the law
- under an amnesty law
- under local law
- under the law
- under the new law
- universal historical laws
- vagrancy law - war-time laws
- within bounds of international law15 interest
interest [ˈɪntrɪst]1. nouna. intérêt m• to show an interest in sb/sth manifester de l'intérêt pour qn/qch• to take a great interest in sb/sth s'intéresser vivement à qn/qchb. ( = hobby) what are your interests? à quoi vous intéressez-vous ?• my main interest is baroque architecture mon principal centre d'intérêt est l'architecture baroquec. ( = advantage, well-being) intérêt m• in the interests of hygiene/safety par souci d'hygiène/de sécurité• in the interests of peace/national security dans l'intérêt de la paix/la sécurité nationale• to be interested in sth/sb s'intéresser à qch/qn• I'm not interested! ça ne m'intéresse pas !• can I interest you in contributing to...? est-ce que cela vous intéresserait de contribuer à... ?• can I interest you in a new computer? seriez-vous intéressé par un nouvel ordinateur ?3. compounds* * *['ɪntrəst] 1.1) [U] ( enthusiasm) intérêt m (in pour)we've had a lot of interest from Europe — beaucoup de gens en Europe nous ont manifesté leur intérêt
as a matter of interest... — juste pour savoir...
2) ( hobby) centre m d'intérêt3) ( benefit) intérêt min the interest(s) of — (to help, to promote) dans l'intérêt de [peace, freedom, person]; ( out of concern for) par souci de [hygiene, justice]
4) ( concern) gen intérêt m; Finance participation f5) ( accrued monies) intérêts mpl (on de)2.transitive verb1) ( provoke curiosity) intéresser (in à)can I interest you in our new range? — permettez-moi d'attirer votre attention sur notre nouvelle gamme
2) ( concern) [problem, policy] concerner16 move
move [mu:v]━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. noun━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━1. nouna. mouvement m► to be on the move [troops] être en marche• she's always on the move ( = travelling for work) elle est toujours en déplacement ; [child] elle ne tient pas en place ; ( = busy) (inf) elle n'arrête jamais► to make a move ( = leave) manifester l'intention de partir ; ( = act) faire quelque chose• it's time we made a move ( = left) il est temps que nous partions ; ( = did sth) il est temps que nous fassions quelque chose• what's the next move? et maintenant, qu'est-ce qu'on fait ?• can you move your fingers? pouvez-vous remuer vos doigts ?b. ( = change timing of) to move sth (forward/back) [+ event, date] avancer/reculer qch• I am moved to ask who... j'en viens à me demander qui...e. ( = propose) proposera. [person, animal] ( = stir) bouger• don't move! ne bougez pas !• keep moving! circulez !• the coach was moving at 30km/h le car roulait à 30 (km) à l'heure• you can't move for books in that room (inf) on ne peut plus bouger dans cette pièce tellement il y a de livres► to move + prepositionb. ( = depart) it's time we were moving il est temps de partirc. ( = move house) [person, family] déménager ; [business] être transféréd. ( = progress) [plans, talks] avancere. ( = act) agir• we'll have to move quickly if we want to avoid... il nous faudra agir sans tarder si nous voulons éviter...f. (in games) [player] jouer• we've moved about a good deal ( = moved house) nous avons souvent déménagé[+ object, furniture] déplacer► move alongavancer, circuler[+ crowd] faire circuler► move around= move abouta. ( = depart) partirb. ( = move house) déménagera. ( = withdraw) reculerc. ( = move house) they've moved back to London ils sont retournés habiter (à) Londres[person, troops, vehicle] avancer[+ person, vehicle] faire avancer ; [+ object] avancera. [police] intervenir[car] démarrer ; [train, procession] s'ébranler• moving on now to... passons maintenant à...[+ person] faire circuler► move out[+ person] faire sortir► move over• move over! pousse-toi !a. can you move up a few seats? pouvez-vous vous pousser un peu ?a. [+ person] faire monter ; [+ object] monterb. ( = promote) [+ employee] donner de l'avancement à* * *[muːv] 1.2) ( transfer) ( of residence) déménagement m; ( of company) transfert mto make the move to London — [family] s'installer à Londres; [firm] être transféré à Londres; [employee] être muté à Londres
3) Games coup m4) (step, act) manœuvre fa good/bad move — une bonne/mauvaise idée
they have made no move(s) to allay public anxiety — ils n'ont rien fait pour rassurer l'opinion publique
2.in a move to counter opposition attacks... — pour tenter de parer aux attaques de l'opposition...
on the move adjectival phraseto be on the move — [army] être en mouvement; [train] être en marche
3.to be always on the move — [diplomat, family] être tout le temps en train de déménager; [nomad, traveller] être toujours sur les routes
transitive verb1) ( change position of) gen déplacer; transporter [patient, army]; ( to clear a space) enlever [object]move your head, I can't see! — pousse ta tête, je ne vois rien!
to move something into — transporter quelque chose dans [room, garden]
to move something upstairs/downstairs — monter/descendre quelque chose
to move something further away/closer — éloigner/rapprocher quelque chose
2) ( set in motion) [person] bouger [limb, head]; [wind, mechanism] faire bouger [leaf, wheel]3) ( to new location or job) muter [staff]; transférer [office]4) (to new house, site) déménager5) ( affect) émouvoir6) ( motivate)7) ( propose) proposer8) ( sell) vendre4.1) ( stir) gen bouger; [lips] remuer2) ( travel) [vehicle] rouler; [person] avancer; [procession, army] être en marchewe must get things moving — fig nous devons faire avancer les choses
go on, get moving! — allez, avance!
3) (colloq) ( proceed quickly)4) (change home, location) déménagerto move to the countryside/to Japan — s'installer à la campagne/au Japon
5) ( change job) être muté6) ( act) agir7) Games [player] jouer; [piece] se déplacer•Phrasal Verbs:- move in- move off- move on- move out- move up••let's make a move — (colloq) si on bougeait? (colloq)
it's time I made a move — (colloq) il est temps de partir
to get a move on — (colloq) se dépêcher
17 going forward
•• * Выражение going forward получило распространение в основном в среде бизнеса. Пример с сайта http://business.iafrica.com:
•• The cost base adjustment made by London-listed specialist banker Investec last year is paying off and the group is a lot more confident going forward, CEO Stephen Koseff said on Monday.
•• Большого смысла в добавлении этого словосочетания в данном случае нет. Можно перевести просто:
•• <...> компания чувствует себя гораздо более уверенно/более уверенно смотрит в будущее.
•• Из этой среды выражение просачивается и в лексикон политиков. Так, на сайте Народной национальной партии Ямайки я обнаружил:
•• Going forward, the Party as well as the government and the nongovernmental community, must take those steps which are possible within existing resources, to promote a culture of production.
•• И здесь я не вижу особой added value (см. это выражение в статье value в «Моем несистематическом словаре») в употреблении этого выражения:
•• В своей ( дальнейшей) деятельности партия, так же как и правительство и неправительственные организации, должна в рамках имеющихся возможностей способствовать формированию общественной атмосферы, стимулирующей производство (перевод культура производства был бы неверен, так как это выражение употребляется у нас в другом значении).
•• Неплохое определение выражения going forward находим на сайте http://whatis.techtarget.com:
•• Going forward is a relatively new and apparently convenient way to indicate a progression in time from the present. The term suggests a continuing and progressive movement rather than, as “ in the future” can sometimes mean, some specific future date. Like many such expressions, it means enough to be useful while also being suitably vague. The term is widely used in annual reports and other corporate statements and, like such terms as venue and cautionary tale, seems to have been readily adopted by news media writers. The term has become increasingly popular in press releases from Internet start-ups and newly public companies.
•• По-русски лучше всего не мудрить: в перспективе, в дальнейшем. Кстати, на сайте http://whatis.techtarget.com можно найти немало интересных определений. Например:
•• In information technology, vanilla (pronounced vah-NIHL-uh) is an adjective meaning plain or basic. The unfeatured version of a product is sometimes referred to as the vanilla version. [То есть без наворотов.]
•• The term is based on the fact that vanilla is the most popular or at least the most commonly served flavor of ice cream. Or, as Eric Raymond, editor of The New Hacker’s Dictionary, puts it, the default ice cream. (См. статью default)
•• Интересно, что на том же сайте отмечается и другое употребление:
•• “ Going forward” also has a longer-standing usage as the starting, continuing, or resumption of activity on something that has been planned previously, such as an engineering project or a summit conference.
•• Перевод, как видно по весьма эластичному определению, должен быть контекстуальным. Пример с сайта CNN.com:
•• Justice going forward with probe into leak of CIA name. – Министерство юстиции приняло решение/ намерено провести расследование (или просто проведет расследование) утечки информации о сотруднике ЦРУ.
•• Надо сказать, что неумеренное употребление этого выражения вызывает у многих раздражение. Вот реплика посетителя сайта http://www.darwinmag.com:
•• The term “ going forward” in relation to the time in which any particular solution is to be implemented irks me to no end.
•• Близко к going forward выражение down the road, которое тоже любят бизнесмены и журналисты, пишущие о бизнесе. По-русски это тоже в перспективе, но down the road чаще говорят о более неопределенных перспективах – когда-нибудь в будущем. Характерный пример из International Herald Tribune:
•• Severstal management owns roughly 83 percent of the company’s stock, <...> and that concentration of ownership in management’s hands could present a risk for minority investors down the road.
18 build
A n carrure f ; a man of stocky/average build un homme carré/de carrure moyenne ; he has the build of an athlete il a la carrure d'un athlète ; she is slender in build elle est mince.1 ( construct) construire [factory, city, railway] ; édifier [church, monument] ; construire [nest] ; to build sb a house, to build a house for sb construire une maison pour qn ; to build a wall from ou out of bricks construire un mur en briques ; to build a nest out of twigs construire un nid avec des brindilles ; to build an extension onto a house agrandir une maison ;2 ( assemble) construire [car, engine, ship] ;4 ( establish) bâtir [career, future] ; établir [relations, relationship] ; fonder [empire] ; créer [prosperity] ; former [team] ; to build a new China bâtir une Chine nouvelle ; to build a future for our country/our children bâtir un avenir pour notre pays/nos enfants ; to build one's hopes on sth fonder ses espoirs sur qch ; to build a presence in the European market faire sentir sa présence sur le marché européen ;5 Games former [sequence, set, word].1 ( construct) construire ;2 fig ( use as a foundation) to build on tirer parti de [popularity, success] ; to build on the excitement generated by the first film tirer parti de l'enthousiasme suscité par le premier film ; the scheme would build on the existing system le projet se fonderait sur le système existant ; the company wishes to build on its Asian base la société souhaite se développer à partir de sa base en Asie.■ build in:▶ build [sth] in, build in [sth]1 ( construct) encastrer [mirror, bookcase] ; to build a wardrobe into a wall encastrer une penderie dans un mur ;2 ( incorporate) introduire [clause, provision, guarantee] ; to build a safeguard into a contract introduire une garantie dans un contrat.■ build up:▶ build up [gas, silt, deposits] s'accumuler ; [traffic] s'intensifier ; [business, trade] se développer ; [tension, pressure, excitement] monter ;▶ build up [sth], build [sth] up1 ( accumulate) accumuler [weapons, wealth] ;2 ( boost) établir [self-confidence, trust] ; gonfler [morale] ; don't build your hopes up too high ne te fais pas d'illusions ;3 ( establish) constituer [collection] ; créer [business, organization] ; constituer [army] ; établir [picture, profile] ; créer [database] ; se faire [reputation] ; the college built up a large library le collège s'est constitué une importante bibliothèque ;▶ build [sth/sb] up, build up [sth/sb]1 (through eating, exercise) affermir [muscles] ; to build up one's forearms se muscler les avant-bras ; to build oneself up, to build up one's strength prendre des forces ;2 ( promote) they built him up to be a star ils l'ont lancé pour en faire une star.19 sell
sell [sel](pt & pp sold [səʊld])1 noun∎ to sell sb sth or sth to sb vendre qch à qn;∎ he sold me his car for $1,000 il m'a vendu sa voiture (pour) 1000 dollars;∎ stamps are now also sold in some shops les timbres sont maintenant vendus aussi dans certains magasins;∎ he sells computers for a living il gagne sa vie en vendant des ordinateurs;∎ a shop that sells clothes/furniture un magasin de vêtements/meubles;∎ the book sold 50,000 copies, 50,000 copies of the book were sold le livre s'est vendu à 50 000 exemplaires;∎ to sell sth for cash vendre qch au comptant;∎ to sell sth on credit vendre qch à crédit;∎ to sell sth cheap vendre qch à bas prix;∎ to sell sth at a loss vendre qch à perte;∎ they sell the cassettes at £3 each ils vendent les cassettes 3 livres pièce;∎ she was sold into slavery/prostitution on l'a vendue comme esclave/prostituée;∎ she sold her body or herself to buy food elle s'est prostituée pour acheter à manger;∎ they sold classified information to our competitors ils ont vendu des renseignements confidentiels à nos concurrents;∎ he sold state secrets to the enemy il a vendu des secrets d'État à l'ennemi;∎ he'd sell his own grandmother for a pint of beer il vendrait son âme pour une bière;∎ to sell one's soul to the devil vendre son âme au diable;∎ humorous I'd sell my soul for a holiday in the Caribbean je ferais ou donnerais n'importe quoi pour passer des vacances aux Caraïbes;∎ to sell oneself short ne pas se montrer à sa juste valeur;∎ don't sell yourself short il faut vous mettre en valeur;∎ I'm often accused of selling the country short on m'accuse souvent de donner une mauvaise image du pays;∎ familiar we were sold a pup or a dud (cheated) on nous a roulés; (sold rubbish) on nous a vendu de la camelote;∎ to sell sb down the river trahir qn(b) (cause to be sold) faire vendre;∎ what really sells newspapers is scandal ce sont les scandales qui font vraiment vendre les journaux;∎ you need a star to sell the movie (to backers) il faut une star dans la distribution du film pour intéresser les investisseurs potentiels; (to the public) il faut une star dans la distribution du film pour attirer le public(c) (promote → idea, image, policy) faire accepter;∎ she sold the idea to the whole council elle a fait accepter l'idée à tout le conseil;∎ to sell an idea to the electorate faire passer une idée auprès des électeurs;∎ a campaign to sell the new party une campagne de publicité pour le nouveau parti;∎ as a politician, it is important to be able to sell yourself les hommes politiques doivent savoir se mettre en valeur∎ she tried to sell me some story or line about running out of petrol elle a essayé de me faire avaler une histoire de panne d'essence∎ we've been sold! on s'est fait avoir ou posséder!∎ the record is selling well le disque se vend bien;∎ the cakes sell for or at 70 pence each les gâteaux se vendent (à) ou valent 70 pence pièce;∎ shares in the company are selling at 109 pence les actions de cette compagnie s'échangent à 109 pence;∎ to sell like hot cakes se vendre comme des petits pains(b) (person, shop) vendre;∎ sorry, I'm not interested in selling désolé, je ne cherche pas à vendre;∎ Stock Exchange to sell short vendre à découvert►► American sell date date f limite de vente;Stock Exchange sell order injonction f à la vente;Stock Exchange sell price prix m (du) comptantrevendrevendre à terme∎ to sell sth forward vendre qch à terme∎ the house was sold off to pay debts la maison a été vendue pour régler des créances;∎ they're selling the plates off at bargain prices ils liquident les assiettes à des prix défiant toute concurrencerevendre (en faisant du bénéfice)➲ sell out∎ the tickets are sold out tous les billets ont été vendus(b) (betray → person, principles) trahir(c) Stock Exchange vendre, réaliser(a) Commerce (sell business) vendre son commerce; (sell stock) liquider (son stock); (run out) vendre ou écouler tout le stock;∎ my father sold out and retired mon père a vendu son affaire et a pris sa retraite;∎ he sold out to some Japanese investors il a vendu à des investisseurs japonais;∎ we've sold out of sugar nous n'avons plus de sucre, nous avons vendu ou écoulé tout notre stock de sucre∎ to sell out to sb vendre ses parts à qn(c) (betray one's principles) renier ses principes;∎ to sell out to the enemy passer à l'ennemi;∎ the government were accused of selling out to terrorism le gouvernement fut accusé d'avoir traité avec les terroristes;∎ critics accused the writer of selling out les critiques ont accusé l'écrivain d'avoir renié ses principes pour plaire au plus grand nombre(shopkeeper) vendre son fonds de commerce ou son affaire; (businessman) vendre son affaire;∎ he sold up and went to Canada il a tout vendu et est parti au Canada20 Caxton, William
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. c.1422 Kent, Englandd. 1491 Westminster, England[br]English printer who produced the first book to be printed in English.[br]According to his own account, Caxton was born in Kent and received a schooling before entering the Mercers' Company, one of the most influential of the London guilds and engaged in the wholesale export trade in woollen goods and other wares, principally with the Low Countries. Around 1445, Caxton moved to Bruges, where he engaged in trade with such success that in 1462 he was appointed Governor of the English Nation in Bruges. He was entrusted with diplomatic missions, and his dealings with the court of Burgundy brought him into contact with the Duchess, Margaret of York, sister of the English King Edward IV. Caxton embarked on the production of fine manuscripts, making his own translations from the French for the Duchess and other noble patrons with a taste for this kind of literature. This trend became more marked after 1470–1 when Caxton lost his post in Bruges, probably due to the temporary overthrow of King Edward. Perhaps to satisfy an increasing demand for his texts, Caxton travelled to Cologne in 1471 to learn the art of printing. He set up a printing business in Bruges, in partnership with the copyist and bookseller Colard Mansion. There, late in 1474 or early the following year, Caxton produced the first book to be printed in English, and the first by an English printer, The Recuyell of the Histories of Troy, which he had translated from the French.In 1476 Caxton returned to England and set up his printing and publishing business "at the sign of the Red Pale" within the precincts of Westminster Abbey. This was more conveniently placed than the City of London for the likely customers among the court and Members of Parliament for the courtly romances and devotional works he aimed to produce. Other printers followed but survived only a few years, whereas Caxton remained successful for fifteen years and then bequeathed a flourishing concern to his assistant Wynkyn de Worde. During that time, 107 printed works, including seventy-four books, issued from Caxton's press. Of these, some twenty were his own translations. As printer and publisher, he did much to promote English literature, above all by producing the first editions of the literary masterpieces of the Middle Ages, such as the works of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate and Malory's Morte d'Arthur. Among the various dialects of spoken English in use at the time, Caxton adopted the language of London and the court and so did much to fix a permanent standard for written English.[br]Further ReadingW.Blades, 1877, The Biography and Typography of William Caxton, England's First Printer, London; reprinted 1971 (the classic life of Caxton, superseded in detail by modern scholarship but still indispensable).G.D.Painter, 1976, William Caxton: A Quincentenary Biography of England's FirstPrinter, London: Chatto \& Windus (the most thorough recent biography, describing every known Caxton document and edition, with corrected and new interpretations based on the latest scholarship).N.F.Blake, 1969, Caxton and His World, London (a reliable account, set against the background of English late-medieval life).See also: Gutenberg, Johann Gensfleisch zumLRDСм. также в других словарях:
promote — /prə məυt/ verb 1. to give someone a more important job or to move someone to a higher grade ● He was promoted from salesman to sales manager. 2. to advertise a product ♦ to promote a new product to increase the sales of a new product by a sales… … Dictionary of banking and finance
New Hampshire Union Leader — Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner Union Leader Corp. Publisher Joseph W. McQuaid Founded 1863 Political alignment … Wikipedia
promote — 01. Regular moderate exercise [promotes] good health. 02. She was recently [promoted] to the position of vice president of marketing. 03. He will never get a [promotion] in this company because he is simply too lazy. 04. The company has started… … Grammatical examples in English
promote — pro|mote W2S3 [prəˈməut US ˈmout] v [T] ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(encourage)¦ 2¦(better job)¦ 3¦(sell)¦ 4¦(sport)¦ 5¦(persuade)¦ 6¦(arrange)¦ ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ [Date: 1300 1400; : Latin; Origin: , past participle of promovere to move forward ] … Dictionary of contemporary English
New Coke — Type Cola Manufacturer The Coca Cola Company Distributor Coca Cola Enterprises … Wikipedia
New Zealand — New Zealander. /zee leuhnd/ a country in the S Pacific, SE of Australia, consisting of North Island, South Island, and adjacent small islands: a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. 3,587,275; 103,416 sq. mi. (267,845 sq. km). Cap.: Wellington … Universalium
promote — pro‧mote [prəˈməʊt ǁ ˈmoʊt] verb [transitive] 1. to help something develop, grow, become more successful etc, or encourage something to happen: • The CBI is in favour of promoting alliances between small businesses. • Oftel favors firm controls… … Financial and business terms
New Haven, Connecticut — New Haven redirects here. For other uses, see New Haven (disambiguation). City of New Haven City Skyline of Downtown New Haven … Wikipedia
New Netherlander — New Netherland series Exploration Fortifications: • Fort Amsterdam • Fort Nassau (North) • Fort Orange • Fort Nassau (Sout … Wikipedia
New York Central Railroad — New York Central system as of 1918 Reporting mark NYC … Wikipedia
New Hampshire beer and breweries — New Hampshire ranks 11th nationally in craft breweries per capita, after only Maine and Vermont among East Coast states[1] The U.S. state of New Hampshire is home to several breweries that produce a wide variety of … Wikipedia
Перевод: с английского на все языки
со всех языков на английский- Со всех языков на:
- Английский
- С английского на:
- Все языки
- Арабский
- Вьетнамский
- Итальянский
- Русский
- Французский